Abstract Molecular tools have been employed to improve the knowledge about freshwater Neotropical fishes. Such approaches supporting studies of groups including species complexes such as Astyanax, one of the most diversified and taxonomically complex genus of the family Characidae. Here, we employed species delimitation analyses in four Astyanax species described for the upper Paraguaçu River basin, a drainage within Northeastern Mata Atlântica freshwater ecoregion with high endemism. We implemented single and multilocus approaches based on two mitochondrial and one nuclear markers. Cytochrome c Oxidase I sequences previously available for Astyanax species were also added to our dataset. The single locus analyses showed A. epiagos, A. rupestris, and A. aff. rupestris as different Molecular Operational Taxonomic Units (MOTUs), while A. brucutu and A. lorien were grouped. However, the multilocus approach distinguished these two species and showed congruence for the remaining single locus results. Astyanax aff. rupestris was separated into two MOTUs using both approaches, highlighting the need for an integrative taxonomic revision including A. aff. rupestris. These findings contribute to a better understanding of the diversity of this fish group in the upper Paraguaçu, identifying hidden diversity and reinforcing the relevance of this hydrographic system as a notable hotspot for ichthyofauna biodiversity endemism.

Resumo Ferramentas moleculares têm sido empregadas para melhorar o conhecimento sobre os peixes Neotropicais. Tais abordagens apoiam estudos de grupos que incluem complexos de espécies, como Astyanax, um dos gêneros mais diversificados e taxonomicamente complexos dentro da família Characidae. Neste estudo, nós empregamos análises de delimitação de espécies em quatro espécies de Astyanax recentemente descritas da bacia do alto rio Paraguaçu, uma drenagem dentro da ecorregião Mata Atlântica Nordeste que apresenta alto endemismo. Nós realizamos abordagens de loco único e multilocos baseadas em dois marcadores mitocondriais e um nuclear. Sequências de Citocromo c Oxidase I anteriormente disponíveis para espécies de Astyanax foram adicionadas ao nosso conjunto de dados. As análises de loco único mostraram A. epiagos, A. rupestris e A. aff. rupestris como diferentes Unidades Taxonômicas Operacionais Moleculares (MOTUs), enquanto A. brucutu e A. lorien foram agrupadas. Entretanto, a abordagem multilocos distinguiu estas duas espécies e mostrou congruência com os demais resultados das análises de loco único. Astyanax aff. rupestris foi separada em duas MOTUs usando ambas as abordagens, sugerindo a necessidade de uma revisão taxonômica integrativa incluindo A. rupestris e ambas A. aff. rupestris. Esses achados contribuem para uma melhor compreensão da diversidade desse grupo de peixes na bacia do rio Paraguaçu, identificando diversidade oculta e reforçando a relevância desse sistema hidrográfico como um notável hotspot de endemismo da biodiversidade da ictiofauna.

ABSTRACT Sporotrichosis is the most frequent subcutaneous mycosis in Latin America. It is caused by species of the genus Sporothrix. Infection in humans occurs through the entry of the fungus into the skin. Zoonotic outbreaks involving cats in the transmission of the disease have been frequently reported. The lymphocutaneous form is the most commonly observed and the upper limbs are the most affected sites. We report a case of a 64-year-old healthy female patient with a lymphocutaneous form with rapid progression of lesions, which was refractory to initial treatment with itraconazole. Treatment with liposomal amphotericin B was performed with a satisfactory resolution, but aesthetic and functional sequelae in the left upper limb were installed.

RESUMEN Introducción: Aunque el delirio celotípico represente solo cerca del 10% de los trastornos delirantes, se asocia un riesgo de violencia grave y suicidio. Con este caso clínico se pretende explorar las dificultades en el tratamento farmacológico del trastorno de delirio celotípico y resumir los hallazgos más recientes en el tratamiento de esta enfermedad. Métodos: Reporte de caso. Presentación del caso: Un varón de 76 anos tuvo un ingreso involuntario en el departamento de psiquiatría debido a amenazas de agresión física a su esposa en el contexto de ideas irreductibles de su infidelidad. Inicialmente se observó una mejoría de los síntomas con risperidona y su formulación inyectable de acción prolongada, pero la aparición de efectos secundarios hipotensivos requirió la prescripción off-label de palmitato de paliperidona 50 mg/ml. Conclusiones: Pocos estudios, principalmente reportes de casos, abordan el tratamiento específico del delirio celotípico. Dadas las consecuencias negativas para los pacientes y sus cónyuges, se necesita una mejor evidencia científica para el tratamiento de esta enfermedad.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Although delusional jealousy accounts for merely 10% of delusional disorders, it is associated to risk of serious violence and suicide. With this clinical case, we intend to explore the difficulties in the pharmacological approach of delusional jealousy disorder and to summarise the most recent findings in the treatment of this condition. Methods: Case report. Case presentation: A 76-year-old man involuntarily admitted to a psychiatric ward due to threats of physical aggression to his wife in the context of irreducible ideas of her infidelity. Initially, we observed an improvement of symptomatology with risperidone and its long-acting injectable formulation, but the emergence of hypotensive side effects required the off-label use of paliperidone palmitate 50 mg/ml. Conclusions: Few studies, mainly case reports, look at the specific treatment of delusional jealousy. Given the negative consequences for patients and for their spouses, better scientific evidence to treat this condition is needed.

RESUMO: Mionecroses clostridiais são doenças altamente fatais, causadas por uma ou mais espécies de Clostridium sp. patogênicos. Entretanto, no músculo equino, a infecção pode produzir uma variedade de lesões e sinais clínicos. O presente relato descreve um caso de mionecrose aguda em um cavalo causada por Clostridium septicum, que apresentou uma evolução clínica favorável. Uma égua de seis anos foi internada em um hospital veterinário devido a um aumento de volume e claudicação no membro pélvico esquerdo, observado após injeção intramuscular de anti-inflamatório. O diagnóstico de mionecrose por C. septicum foi baseado nos achados clínicos e laboratoriais. Houve uma melhora significativa do animal após cinco meses de tratamento, permitindo que o mesmo fosse liberado do hospital veterinário. Considerando que as informações sobre C. septicum causadores de mionecroses em cavalos no Brasil são muito limitadas, este relato demonstra que o diagnóstico precoce e a implementação adequada do tratamento podem garantir uma melhora significativa e a recuperação dos animais afetados.

ABSTRACT: Clostridial myonecrosis is a highly fatal infectious disease of the muscle that is caused by pathogenic clostridia. When it occurs in equine muscle, the infection can cause a variety of clinical signs. The present report described a case of acute myonecrosis caused by Clostridium septicum in a horse, which had a favorable clinical evolution. A 6-year-old mare was admitted to a veterinary hospital due to increased volume and lameness in the left pelvic limb after an intramuscular injection of an anti-inflammatory drug. The diagnosis of myonecrosis caused by C. septicum was based on clinical and laboratory findings. The animal showed significant improvement after 5 months of treatment and was discharged from the hospital. There is very limited information regarding myonecrosis caused by C. septicum in horses in Brazil; our study showed that early diagnosis and prompt appropriate treatment can ensure significant improvement and recovery of affected animals.

RESUMO No artigo, analiso as relações de poder construídas entre o Estado e a sociedade em Angola após a independência do país em 1975, a partir de suas ambivalências e acomodações de interesses. Defendo que houve a construção de uma estrutura política em que o Estado/MPLA passou a ser o principal meio para a distribuição de benefícios e privilégios, contribuindo para o fortalecimento de uma estrutura autoritária e patrimonialista ao longo dos anos. Ao destacarem um cenário de autoritarismo, clientelismo e patrimonialismo, os romances de Pepetela e a construção de seus personagens dialogam com uma narrativa crítica acerca do projeto político adotado pelo Estado angolano.

ABSTRACT In the article I analyze the power relations built between the State and society in Angola after the country’s independence in 1975, based on its ambivalences and accommodation of interests. I argue that there was the construction of a political structure in which the State/MPLA became the main means for the distribution of benefits and privileges, contributing to the strengthening of an authoritarian and patrimonialist political structure over the years. By highlighting a scenario of authoritarianism, clientelism and patrimonialism, Pepetela’s novels and the construction of his characters dialogue with a critical narrative about the political project adopted by the Angolan State.

Abstract INTRODUCTION: The association of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is a concern worldwide, and this co-infection is linked to increased lethality. The Northeast is the region that mostly reports cases of VL in Brazil. The knowledge of risk factors associated with VL/HIV co-infection and its impact on lethality is extremely important. METHODS: The present study analyzed the epidemiologic features of cases with VL/HIV co-infection in the state of Pernambuco, Northeast of Brazil, from 2014 to 2018. RESULTS: There were 858 and 11,514 reported cases of VL and HIV infection, respectively. The average incidences of VL and HIV infection were 1.82 and 24.4/100,000 inhabitants, respectively. Of all reported cases of VL, 4.9% (42/858) also had HIV infection. There was an inverse spatial association between VL and HIV infection incidences. The lethality rates of VL, HIV infection, and co-infection were 9.9%, 26.1%, and 16.6%, respectively. Most of the patients were males and lived in urban areas. The cases of VL mostly occurred in children aged below 10 years, whereas the cases of HIV infection and VL/HIV co-infection were primarily observed in adults between 20 years and 39 years old. CONCLUSIONS: We defined the profile and areas with most cases of co-infection and found that the lethality of VL with co-infection increased in the current period. These findings contribute to applying efforts with a greater focus in these identified populations to prevent future deaths.

As Diretrizes Curriculares Nacionais orientam a constituição dos currículos para ordenamento da formação profissional em saúde e os projetos pedagógicos dos cursos as articulam às práticas pedagógicas. Esta pesquisa analisou as repercussões das Diretrizes Curriculares de 2014 nos projetos pedagógicos das escolas médicas criadas após sua publicação. De abordagem qualitativa, faz análise documental dos referidos projetos orientada pela hermenêutica crítica. Os achados revelam forte alinhamento dos projetos analisados às diretrizes curriculares. Identificou-se deslocamento do paradigma flexneriano para a integralidade, tendendo para formação de profissionais voltada às reais necessidades da população. Outros achados são as diferenças na concepção do médico de formação geral e na utilização das metodologias ativas de ensino-aprendizagem. Evidenciou-se ainda matrizes curriculares com concepções cuja proposta de integração ensino-serviço-comunidade não pareceu estar garantida, sugerindo a manutenção de propostas baseadas em disciplinas.

The Brazilian national curricular guidelines on health education steer curriculum composition so as to organize professional training in this field. Pedagogical projects for courses connect these guidelines to pedagogical practices. This study assessed the repercussions of the 2014 curricular guidelines for the pedagogical projects of medical schools that were created after publication of the guidelines. A qualitative approach was taken, with analysis on documents of these projects guided by critical hermeneutics. Strong alignment between these projects and the curricular guidelines was found. A shift from the Flexner paradigm to comprehensiveness was identified, such that the professional training tended towards the real needs of the population. Differences in the conception of general medical practitioners and in the use of active teaching-learning methodologies were found. Curricular conceptions in which the proposed teaching-service-community integration did not seem to be guaranteed were evident, thus suggesting that proposals based on disciplines had remained present.

Las Directrices Curriculares Nacionales orientan la constitución de los currículos para ordenamiento de la formación profesional en salud y los Proyectos Pedagógicos de los Cursos las articulan con las prácticas pedagógicas. Esta investigación analizó las repercusiones de las Directrices Curriculares de 2014 en los Proyectos Pedagógicos de las escuelas médicas creadas después de su publicación. De abordaje cualitativo, hace análisis documental de los referidos proyectos orientados por la hermenéutica crítica. Los hallazgos revelan un fuerte alineamiento de los proyectos analizados con las directrices curriculares. Se identificó un desplazamiento del paradigma flexneriano para la integralidad, tendiendo a la formación de profesionales enfocada en las necesidades reales de la población. Otros hallazgos son las diferencias en la concepción del médico de formación general y en la utilización de las metodologías activas de enseñanza aprendizaje. Se evidenciaron también matrices curriculares con concepciones cuya propuesta de integración enseñanza-servicio-comunidad no parecía estar garantizada, sugiriendo el mantenimiento de propuestas con base en asignaturas.

As Diretrizes Curriculares Nacionais orientam a constituição dos currículos para ordenamento da formação profissional em saúde e os projetos pedagógicos dos cursos as articulam às práticas pedagógicas. Esta pesquisa analisou as repercussões das Diretrizes Curriculares de 2014 nos projetos pedagógicos das escolas médicas criadas após sua publicação. De abordagem qualitativa, faz análise documental dos referidos projetos orientada pela hermenêutica crítica. Os achados revelam forte alinhamento dos projetos analisados às diretrizes curriculares. Identificou-se deslocamento do paradigma flexneriano para a integralidade, tendendo para formação de profissionais voltada às reais necessidades da população. Outros achados são as diferenças na concepção do médico de formação geral e na utilização das metodologias ativas de ensino-aprendizagem. Evidenciou-se ainda matrizes curriculares com concepções cuja proposta de integração ensino-serviço-comunidade não pareceu estar garantida, sugerindo a manutenção de propostas baseadas em disciplinas.

The Brazilian national curricular guidelines on health education steer curriculum composition so as to organize professional training in this field. Pedagogical projects for courses connect these guidelines to pedagogical practices. This study assessed the repercussions of the 2014 curricular guidelines for the pedagogical projects of medical schools that were created after publication of the guidelines. A qualitative approach was taken, with analysis on documents of these projects guided by critical hermeneutics. Strong alignment between these projects and the curricular guidelines was found. A shift from the Flexner paradigm to comprehensiveness was identified, such that the professional training tended towards the real needs of the population. Differences in the conception of general medical practitioners and in the use of active teaching-learning methodologies were found. Curricular conceptions in which the proposed teaching-service-community integration did not seem to be guaranteed were evident, thus suggesting that proposals based on disciplines had remained present.

Las Directrices Curriculares Nacionales orientan la constitución de los currículos para ordenamiento de la formación profesional en salud y los Proyectos Pedagógicos de los Cursos las articulan con las prácticas pedagógicas. Esta investigación analizó las repercusiones de las Directrices Curriculares de 2014 en los Proyectos Pedagógicos de las escuelas médicas creadas después de su publicación. De abordaje cualitativo, hace análisis documental de los referidos proyectos orientados por la hermenéutica crítica. Los hallazgos revelan un fuerte alineamiento de los proyectos analizados con las directrices curriculares. Se identificó un desplazamiento del paradigma flexneriano para la integralidad, tendiendo a la formación de profesionales enfocada en las necesidades reales de la población. Otros hallazgos son las diferencias en la concepción del médico de formación general y en la utilización de las metodologías activas de enseñanza aprendizaje. Se evidenciaron también matrices curriculares con concepciones cuya propuesta de integración enseñanza-servicio-comunidad no parecía estar garantizada, sugiriendo el mantenimiento de propuestas con base en asignaturas.

Abstract The wide distribution of the Neotropical freshwater catfish Rhamdia offers an excellent opportunity to investigate the historical processes responsible for modeling South America’s hydrogeological structure. We used sequences from cis-Andean and Mesoamerican Rhamdia species to reconstruct and estimate divergence times among cis-Andean lineages, correlating the results with known geological events. Species delimitation methods based on distance (DNA barcoding and BIN) and coalescence (GMYC) approaches identified nine well-supported lineages from the cis-Andean region from sequences available in the BOLD dataset. The cis-Andean Rhamdia lineages diversification process began in Eocene and represented the split between cis-Andean and Mesoamerican clades. The cis-Andean clade contains two principal groups: Northwest clade (MOTUs from Amazon, Essequibo, Paraguay, and Itapecuru basins) and Southeast clade (Eastern Brazilian shield basins (Paraná, Uruguay, Iguaçu, and São Francisco) plus eastern coastal basins). The diversification of the cis-Andean Rhamdia lineages results from vicariance and geodispersion events, which played a key role in the current intricate distribution pattern of the Rhamdia lineages. The wide geographical distribution and large size of the specimens make it attractive to cultivate in different countries of the Neotropical region. The lineages delimitation minimizes identification mistakes, unintentional crossings by aquaculture, and reduces natural stocks contamination.

Resumo História de vida, barreiras geográficas e barramento dos rios podem moldar a diversidade genética de grandes peixes migratórios de água doce, que são particularmente vulneráveis a impactos antrópicos. Nós investigamos a diversidade genética de Salminus brasiliensis, uma espécie migratória de longa distância que é reconhecida como um importante provedor de serviços ecossistêmicos. Realizamos análises de microssatélites para avaliar a diversidade genética e simular cenários futuros, possibilitando estimar a viabilidade em longo prazo de populações situadas em regiões com e sem represas do rio Uruguai. Altos níveis de diversidade genética foram detectados para todas as populações amostradas. Contudo, os tamanhos populacionais efetivos foram menores nos trechos superiores do rio, onde a paisagem é altamente fragmentada. A análise da estrutura populacional indicou duas populações genéticas espaciais. Sugere-se que esta estrutura genética preserva populações parcialmente isoladas por uma antiga barreira natural, ao invés de ser resultado da presença de barragens. Os cenários genéticos simulados indicaram que a variabilidade genética das populações de S. brasiliensis situadas a montante das barragens entraria em colapso ao longo dos anos, principalmente como resultado da redução do número de alelos. Portanto, além de ajudar a entender melhor questões relacionadas à influência de barragens na diversidade genética de peixes migradores, nossos resultados são especialmente relevantes para a condução de políticas pesqueiras locais e ações de manejo para a conservação das espécies.

Abstract Life-history, geographical barriers, and damming can shape the genetic diversity of freshwater migratory fish, which are particularly vulnerable to anthropogenic impacts. We investigated the genetic diversity of Salminus brasiliensis, a long-distance migratory species that is recognized as an important provider of ecosystem services. We implemented microsatellite analyses to assess genetic diversity and simulate future scenarios for evaluating the long-term viability of dammed and non-dammed populations from the Uruguay River. High levels of genetic diversity were detected for all sampled populations. However, effective population sizes were lower in the uppermost river stretches, where the landscape is highly fragmented. Population structure analysis indicated two spatial genetic populations. It is suggested that this genetic structure preserves populations partially isolated by an ancient natural barrier, instead of being a result of the presence of dams. The simulated genetic scenarios indicated that genetic variability of S. brasiliensis populations from upstream dams could collapse over the years, mainly due to the reduction in the number of alleles. Therefore, besides helping to better understand issues related to the influence of dams on the genetic diversity of migratory fish, our results are especially relevant for driving local fishery policies and management actions for the species conservation.

Lithium manganese oxide, LiMn2O4, was synthesized in two temperature stages, where the first consisted by an ecofriendly solution combustion method at 300 °C. Finally, the as-burned powders were thermal treated at 500 and 700 °C. The structural and morphological changes were evaluated by the Rietveld method and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The Rietveld refinement indicates obtaining the spinel cubic phase LiMn2O4 and a small amount of Mn2O3. The analyses by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) show a porous microstructure composed of nano-sized crystallites for the sample treated at 500 °C. In cyclic voltammetry, it was possible to observe that the reduction-oxidation reaction is reversible due to the shape of voltammograms and the anodic and cathodic peaks of Mn ions. The theoretical calculations considered the experimental crystallographic parameters. The unit cell volume change was evaluated according to distinct amounts of lithium ions in the structure. The removal of the Li+ cations from the oxides promotes a volume contraction. Therefore, it was possible to evaluate the participation of the Mn3+ ions in the frontier region between the valence and conduction bands. The density of states (DOS) calculation shows a predominant contribution of the O 2p and Mn 3d orbitals in the frontier orbitals.